![]() ![]() Nowadays, Surzhyk is common in Ukraine, especially in areas adjoining Russia and Moldova. Surzhyk appeared among the rural population, and its written form was recorded by the first author who wrote in colloquial Ukrainian, Ivan Kotliarevsky, in his classic work of Ukrainian literature, Natalka Poltavka (1819). Most of Surzhyk’s vocabulary comes from Russian, while most of its grammar and pronunciation comes from Ukrainian. Surzhyk cannot be described as pidgin either because harmonious contact between two closely-related languages cannot give rise to a pidgin language. The status of this language is difficult to define: it’s a blend of Russian and Ukrainian that is different from both pure Ukrainian and the colloquial Ukrainian Russian. The name surzhyk originates from bread made from mixed-grain flour. In China, Kyakhta was taught for for the benefit of officials trading with Russia. But even in the 1990s one could meet elderly Chinese traders at markets near Ulan Bator who communicated in this language. Today, linguists classify Kyakhta as "possibly extinct" – it ceased to be widely used in the first half of the 20th century. The name derives from the town of Kyakhta in Buryatia. How Siberia became part of Russia Kyakhta is a pidgin language based on Russian and Chinese that existed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries in the Amur, Manchuria and Trans-Baikal regions bordering China.
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